Emergency (India): Difference between revisions

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}}'''[[Emergency (India)]]''' refers to the '''21-month period from 25 June 1975 to 21 March 1977''', during which Prime Minister [[Indira Gandhi]] declared a state of internal emergency across the country under Article 352 of the Indian Constitution.~~<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/event/Emergency-Indian-history-1975-1977 Britannica – Emergency in India]</ref>~~ It is widely considered one of the most controversial periods in Indian democratic history.

}}'''[[Emergency (India)]]''' refers to the '''21-month period from 25 June 1975 to 21 March 1977''', during which Prime Minister [[Indira Gandhi]] declared a state of internal emergency across the country under Article 352 of the Indian Constitution. It is widely considered one of the most controversial periods in Indian democratic history.

== Background ==

The declaration came after the Allahabad High Court found Indira Gandhi guilty of electoral malpractices in the 1971 general elections and invalidated her parliamentary win. Massive protests led by [[Jayaprakash Narayan]] and opposition parties, calling for her resignation, pushed Gandhi to declare Emergency citing "internal disturbances".~~<ref>[https://www.history.com/topics/india/emergency-in-india History.com – Emergency in India]</ref>~~

The declaration came after the Allahabad High Court found Indira Gandhi guilty of electoral malpractices in the 1971 general elections and invalidated her parliamentary win. Massive protests led by [[Jayaprakash Narayan]] and opposition parties, calling for her resignation, pushed Gandhi to declare Emergency citing "internal disturbances".

== Provisions and Impact ==

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* '''Political opponents''' were arrested under preventive detention laws like Maintenance of Internal Security Act (MISA).

* Over '''100,000 people''' were jailed, including major opposition leaders like [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]], L. K. Advani, and Morarji Desai.

* Forced sterilization drives were carried out under the family planning programme, led by Sanjay Gandhi.~~<ref>[https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/the-emergency-of-1975-8827434/ Indian Express – Emergency of 1975]</ref>~~

* Forced sterilization drives were carried out under the family planning programme, led by Sanjay Gandhi.

== Constitutional Changes ==

* The government passed the '''42nd Constitutional Amendment''', also known as the "Mini-Constitution".

* It curtailed the power of the judiciary and increased the power of the executive.~~<ref>[https://www.constitutionofindia.net/amendments/42nd-amendment/ Constitution of India – 42nd Amendment]</ref>~~

* It curtailed the power of the judiciary and increased the power of the executive.

== End of Emergency ==

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-}}'''[[Emergency (India)]]''' refers to the '''21-month period from 25 June 1975 to 21 March 1977''', during which Prime Minister [[Indira Gandhi]] declared a state of internal emergency across the country under Article 352 of the Indian Constitution.<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/event/Emergency-Indian-history-1975-1977 Britannica – Emergency in India]</ref> It is widely considered one of the most controversial periods in Indian democratic history.
+}}'''[[Emergency (India)]]''' refers to the '''21-month period from 25 June 1975 to 21 March 1977''', during which Prime Minister [[Indira Gandhi]] declared a state of internal emergency across the country under Article 352 of the Indian Constitution. It is widely considered one of the most controversial periods in Indian democratic history.
 == Background ==
-The declaration came after the Allahabad High Court found Indira Gandhi guilty of electoral malpractices in the 1971 general elections and invalidated her parliamentary win. Massive protests led by [[Jayaprakash Narayan]] and opposition parties, calling for her resignation, pushed Gandhi to declare Emergency citing "internal disturbances".<ref>[https://www.history.com/topics/india/emergency-in-india History.com – Emergency in India]</ref>
+The declaration came after the Allahabad High Court found Indira Gandhi guilty of electoral malpractices in the 1971 general elections and invalidated her parliamentary win. Massive protests led by [[Jayaprakash Narayan]] and opposition parties, calling for her resignation, pushed Gandhi to declare Emergency citing "internal disturbances".
 == Provisions and Impact ==
@@ Line 19: / Line 19: @@
 * '''Political opponents''' were arrested under preventive detention laws like Maintenance of Internal Security Act (MISA).
 * Over '''100,000 people''' were jailed, including major opposition leaders like [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]], L. K. Advani, and Morarji Desai.
-* Forced sterilization drives were carried out under the family planning programme, led by Sanjay Gandhi.<ref>[https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/the-emergency-of-1975-8827434/ Indian Express – Emergency of 1975]</ref>
+* Forced sterilization drives were carried out under the family planning programme, led by Sanjay Gandhi.
 == Constitutional Changes ==
 * The government passed the '''42nd Constitutional Amendment''', also known as the "Mini-Constitution".
-* It curtailed the power of the judiciary and increased the power of the executive.<ref>[https://www.constitutionofindia.net/amendments/42nd-amendment/ Constitution of India – 42nd Amendment]</ref>
+* It curtailed the power of the judiciary and increased the power of the executive.
 == End of Emergency ==