India: Difference between revisions

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'''India''' officially the '''Republic of India''', is a country in South Asia. It is the '''seventh-largest country''' in the world by land area and, since 2023, the '''most populous country''', with over '''1.4 billion people'''.<ref>https://www.un.org/development/desa/pd/sites/www.un.org.development.desa.pd/files/wpp2022_summary_of_results.pdf</ref> Since its independence in 1947, India has been known as the world's '''largest democracy'''.<ref>https://www.scirp.org/reference/referencespapers?referenceid=1133498.</ref>

India is surrounded by the Indian Ocean in the south, the Arabian Sea to the west, and the Bay of Bengal to the east. It shares land borders with [[Pakistan]] to the west, [[China]], [[Nepal]], and ''Bhutan'' to the north, and [[Bangladesh]] and [[Myanmar]] to the east. The island nations of [[Sri Lanka]] and [[Maldives]] lie nearby in the Indian Ocean, and India's [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]] are situated close to [[Thailand]], [[Myanmar]], and [[Indonesia]].

India is surrounded by the Indian Ocean in the south, the Arabian Sea to the west, and the Bay of Bengal to the east. It shares land borders with [[Pakistan]] to the west, [[China]], [[Nepal]], and ''Bhutan'' to the north, and [[Bangladesh]] and Myanmar to the east. The island nations of Sri Lanka and Maldives lie nearby in the Indian Ocean, and India's Andaman and Nicobar Islands are situated close to Thailand, Myanmar, and Indonesia.

Modern humans reached the Indian subcontinent from Africa at least 55,000 years ago.<ref>https://www.researchgate.net/publication/334656526_David_Reich_Who_We_Are_and_How_We_Got_Here_Ancient_DNA_and_the_New_Science_of_the_Human_Past_Oxford_Oxford_University_Press_2018_xxxi_and_335pp_28_illustr_pbk_ISBN_978-0-19-882126-7.</ref> This long history gave rise to deep social and cultural diversity. Farming communities began around the Indus Valley more than 9,000 years ago, eventually forming the Indus Valley Civilisation—one of the world’s oldest urban cultures.~~<ref>Thapar, Romila. ''Early India: From the Origins to AD 1300''. Penguin Books, 2003.</ref>~~

Modern humans reached the Indian subcontinent from Africa at least 55,000 years ago. This long history gave rise to deep social and cultural diversity. Farming communities began around the Indus Valley more than 9,000 years ago, eventually forming the Indus Valley Civilisation—one of the world’s oldest urban cultures.

Around 1200 BCE, an early form of [[Sanskrit]] entered the subcontinent through the northwest and merged with local traditions. This marked the beginning of [[Hinduism]].~~<ref>Witzel, Michael. "The Development of the Vedic Canon and its Schools." Harvard University, 1997.</ref>~~ India also saw the birth of [[Buddhism]] and [[Jainism]] in the 6th century BCE, which rejected caste and stressed nonviolence and spiritual liberation.<ref>https://www.britannica.com/topic/Jainism</ref>

Around 1200 BCE, an early form of Sanskrit entered the subcontinent through the northwest and merged with local traditions. This marked the beginning of [[Hinduism]].India also saw the birth of [[Buddhism]] and Jainism in the 6th century BCE, which rejected caste and stressed nonviolence and spiritual liberation.<ref>https://www.britannica.com/topic/Jainism</ref>

Between the 7th and 15th centuries, religions such as Islam, Christianity, Judaism, and Zoroastrianism became established along India’s western and southern coasts.~~<ref>The Hindu, "How religions came to India", 2020.</ref>~~ In the north, successive [[Delhi Sultanates]] and later the [[Mughal Empire]] brought major political changes and Islamic influence in culture, art, and architecture.<ref>https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/mughal-empire/25DE4321AB17CA0AD34D13675B9C52F6</ref>

Between the 7th and 15th centuries, religions such as Islam, Christianity, Judaism, and Zoroastrianism became established along India’s western and southern coasts. In the north, successive Delhi Sultanates and later the [[Mughal Empire]] brought major political changes and Islamic influence in culture, art, and architecture.<ref>https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/mughal-empire/25DE4321AB17CA0AD34D13675B9C52F6</ref>

In the south, the Vijayanagara Empire promoted a vibrant Hindu cultural revival and maritime trade with Southeast Asia.<ref>https://www.routledge.com/A-History-of-India/Kulke-Rothermund/p/book/9781138961159?srsltid=AfmBOooJSExjTZ9uyYWYxf1AI2sLr3P1xsC2oMEkfOOUor9qknUfmU8w.</ref> Meanwhile, [[Sikhism]] emerged in the 15th century in the [[Punjab]] region, promoting equality and community service.

@@ Line 30: / Line 30: @@
 '''India''' officially the '''Republic of India''', is a country in South Asia. It is the '''seventh-largest country''' in the world by land area and, since 2023, the '''most populous country''', with over '''1.4 billion people'''.<ref>https://www.un.org/development/desa/pd/sites/www.un.org.development.desa.pd/files/wpp2022_summary_of_results.pdf</ref> Since its independence in 1947, India has been known as the world's '''largest democracy'''.<ref>https://www.scirp.org/reference/referencespapers?referenceid=1133498.</ref>
-India is surrounded by the Indian Ocean in the south, the Arabian Sea to the west, and the Bay of Bengal to the east. It shares land borders with [[Pakistan]] to the west, [[China]], [[Nepal]], and ''Bhutan'' to the north, and [[Bangladesh]] and [[Myanmar]] to the east. The island nations of [[Sri Lanka]] and [[Maldives]] lie nearby in the Indian Ocean, and India's [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]] are situated close to [[Thailand]], [[Myanmar]], and [[Indonesia]].
+India is surrounded by the Indian Ocean in the south, the Arabian Sea to the west, and the Bay of Bengal to the east. It shares land borders with [[Pakistan]] to the west, [[China]], [[Nepal]], and ''Bhutan'' to the north, and [[Bangladesh]] and Myanmar to the east. The island nations of Sri Lanka and Maldives lie nearby in the Indian Ocean, and India's Andaman and Nicobar Islands are situated close to Thailand, Myanmar, and Indonesia.
-Modern humans reached the Indian subcontinent from Africa at least 55,000 years ago.<ref>https://www.researchgate.net/publication/334656526_David_Reich_Who_We_Are_and_How_We_Got_Here_Ancient_DNA_and_the_New_Science_of_the_Human_Past_Oxford_Oxford_University_Press_2018_xxxi_and_335pp_28_illustr_pbk_ISBN_978-0-19-882126-7.</ref> This long history gave rise to deep social and cultural diversity. Farming communities began around the Indus Valley more than 9,000 years ago, eventually forming the Indus Valley Civilisation—one of the world’s oldest urban cultures.<ref>Thapar, Romila. ''Early India: From the Origins to AD 1300''. Penguin Books, 2003.</ref>
+Modern humans reached the Indian subcontinent from Africa at least 55,000 years ago. This long history gave rise to deep social and cultural diversity. Farming communities began around the Indus Valley more than 9,000 years ago, eventually forming the Indus Valley Civilisation—one of the world’s oldest urban cultures.
-Around 1200 BCE, an early form of [[Sanskrit]] entered the subcontinent through the northwest and merged with local traditions. This marked the beginning of [[Hinduism]].<ref>Witzel, Michael. "The Development of the Vedic Canon and its Schools." Harvard University, 1997.</ref> India also saw the birth of [[Buddhism]] and [[Jainism]] in the 6th century BCE, which rejected caste and stressed nonviolence and spiritual liberation.<ref>https://www.britannica.com/topic/Jainism</ref>
+Around 1200 BCE, an early form of Sanskrit entered the subcontinent through the northwest and merged with local traditions. This marked the beginning of [[Hinduism]].India also saw the birth of [[Buddhism]] and Jainism in the 6th century BCE, which rejected caste and stressed nonviolence and spiritual liberation.<ref>https://www.britannica.com/topic/Jainism</ref>
-Between the 7th and 15th centuries, religions such as Islam, Christianity, Judaism, and Zoroastrianism became established along India’s western and southern coasts.<ref>The Hindu, "How religions came to India", 2020.</ref> In the north, successive [[Delhi Sultanates]] and later the [[Mughal Empire]] brought major political changes and Islamic influence in culture, art, and architecture.<ref>https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/mughal-empire/25DE4321AB17CA0AD34D13675B9C52F6</ref>
+Between the 7th and 15th centuries, religions such as Islam, Christianity, Judaism, and Zoroastrianism became established along India’s western and southern coasts. In the north, successive Delhi Sultanates and later the [[Mughal Empire]] brought major political changes and Islamic influence in culture, art, and architecture.<ref>https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/mughal-empire/25DE4321AB17CA0AD34D13675B9C52F6</ref>
 In the south, the Vijayanagara Empire promoted a vibrant Hindu cultural revival and maritime trade with Southeast Asia.<ref>https://www.routledge.com/A-History-of-India/Kulke-Rothermund/p/book/9781138961159?srsltid=AfmBOooJSExjTZ9uyYWYxf1AI2sLr3P1xsC2oMEkfOOUor9qknUfmU8w.</ref> Meanwhile, [[Sikhism]] emerged in the 15th century in the [[Punjab]] region, promoting equality and community service.