Indian Independence Movement
Indian Independence Movement refers to the long and multifaceted struggle of the Indian people to gain independence from British colonial rule. Spanning over a century, it involved social, political, and revolutionary efforts that culminated in India's independence on 15 August 1947.[1]
Early Resistance
The roots of the movement can be traced to the 18th and 19th centuries:
- Initial uprisings such as the Sanyasi Rebellion (late 1700s) and Vellore Mutiny (1806)
- The landmark Indian Rebellion of 1857, also known as the First War of Independence, posed a major challenge to British rule.[2]
Formation of Indian National Congress
In 1885, the Indian National Congress (INC) was formed, marking a structured political beginning to the movement. Early leaders like Dadabhai Naoroji, Gopal Krishna Gokhale, and Bal Gangadhar Tilak laid the foundation of nationalist sentiment.
Major Phases of the Movement
Swadeshi Movement (1905–1911)
Sparked by the Partition of Bengal, it promoted the boycott of British goods and revival of indigenous industries.
Home Rule Movement (1916)
Led by Bal Gangadhar Tilak and Annie Besant, this movement demanded self-government within the British Empire.[3]
Non-Cooperation Movement (1920–22)
Under Mahatma Gandhi, mass non-violent protests urged Indians to boycott British institutions and goods.
Civil Disobedience Movement (1930–34)
Launched with the Salt March, it expanded civil defiance against unjust laws.
Quit India Movement (1942)
A final push for full independence, this movement demanded an immediate end to British rule.[4]
Revolutionary Activities
Parallel to non-violent efforts, revolutionaries like:
- Bhagat Singh
- Chandra Shekhar Azad
- Subhas Chandra Bose (INA – Indian National Army)
...used militant methods and inspired youth to fight colonial oppression.[5]
Role of Subhas Chandra Bose
Bose broke away from the INC and established the Azad Hind Fauj, allying with Axis powers in World War II. Though controversial, his efforts significantly pressured the British.
Partition and Independence
The movement ultimately led to the passing of the Indian Independence Act 1947. On 15 August 1947, India gained freedom, but the subcontinent was partitioned into:
The Partition of India resulted in large-scale violence and displacement.
Legacy
The Indian Independence Movement inspired numerous global anti-colonial struggles. It promoted the ideals of:
- Non-violence (Ahimsa)
- Civil disobedience
- National unity
Its leaders, especially Mahatma Gandhi, remain iconic figures worldwide.
See Also
- British Raj
- Indian National Congress
- Quit India Movement
- Mahatma Gandhi
- Partition of India
- Republic of India